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 Scientists describe 'fossil seismograph'Tel Aviv, Israel (UPI) Mar 14, 2011 - Scientists at Tel Aviv University in Israel say they've developed a "fossil seismograph" that can uncover signs of ancient seismic activity. Professor Shmuel Marco of the Department of Geophysics says he was inspired by a strange "wave" phenomenon he found in disturbed sediment in the Dead Sea region, a TAU release reported Monday. The new research method, developed with input from geologists and physicists, is relevant to areas where earthquakes affect bodies of water, such as the West Coast of the United States or the current situation in Japan, Marco said. "Current seismographical data on earthquakes only reaches back a century or so," Marco said. "Our new approach investigates wave patterns of heavy sediment that penetrates into the light sediments that lie directly on top of them. "This helps us to understand the intensity of earthquakes in bygone eras -- it's a yardstick for measuring the impact factor of earthquakes from the past." The researchers considered the geometry of the deformation they found in the Dead Sea sediment and combined it with a number of other parameters found in physical science to calculate how earthquakes from the past were distributed in scale, time and place. "We've expanded the window of observation beyond 100 years, to create, if you will, a 'fossil seismograph,'" Marco said. The researchers say the ability to learn from earthquakes of the ancient past could help better predict earthquakes of the future. |
Washington (AFP) March 14, 2011 US experts on Monday upgraded the strength of the earthquake which rocked Japan last week from a magnitude of 8.9 to 9.0, making it the fourth largest in the world since 1900. The US Geological Survey (USGS) said Japanese seismologists have also independently updated their estimate of the earthquake which struck northern Japan on Friday unleashing a devastating tsunami.
"The USGS often updates an earthquake's magnitude following the event," the US-based center said in a statement. "Updates occur as more data become available and more time-intensive analysis is performed."
It added that Friday's quake was also the strongest ever recorded in Japan since modern readings began 130 years ago.
The largest earthquake ever recorded was in Chile on May 5, 1960 when a 9.5 temblor struck off the southern coast, the USGS said. More than 1,600 people were killed and two million left homeless.
On March 27, 1964 a quake and tsunami killed 128 people and caused severe damage to Anchorage the largest city in Alaska.
And then on December 26, 2004, came the undersea quake off Indonesia, which caused a massive tsunami that devastated coastlines in countries around the Indian Ocean, killing more than 220,000 people.
A 9.0-magnitude quake also hit off the coast of the remote Kamchatka peninsula in Russia's far east on November 4, 1952, causing Pacific-wide tsunamis.
The USGS said on its website that quake magnitudes are often revised once its experts have received all the seismology reports from around the world and the estimates from other national and international agencies.
"Some methods give approximate values within minutes of the earthquake, and others require more complete data sets and extensive analysis," it added.
Japan has been left reeling by Friday's natural catastrophe, with more than 10,000 feared dead, whole villages devastated, at least 1.4 million people left without running water and more than 500,000 crammed into shelters.
The Asian nation is also facing a nuclear emergency after the quake and tsunami crippled the ageing Fukushima plant, located 250 kilometers (160 miles) northeast of Tokyo, knocking out the cooling systems.
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